Article Sidebar

Download
PDF supplementary
Statistic
Read Counter : 0 Download : 0

Main Article Content

Abstract

Cryptic diatom species, despite their subtle morphological traits, play a pivotal role in harmful algal blooms (HABs) and mucilage formation, making their identification a critical challenge. This study combines molecular and morphological approaches to characterize diatom species associated with the extensive mucilage observed in Turkish coastal waters between 2020 and 2021. Among the findings, Minutocellus polymorphus (Hargraves & Guillard) Hasle, Stosch & Syvertsen and Fistulifera saprophila (Lange-Bertalot & Bonik) Lange-Bertalot whose molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), are reported for the first time in Turkish waters, expanding our understanding of local biodiversity. Additionally, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) G.R.Hasle was molecularly characterized for the first time in the Sea of Marmara using large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) and ITS sequences. These results underscore the indispensable role of molecular techniques in uncovering the hidden diversity of diatoms and their potential contribution to HABs and mucilage events. By linking these findings to the ongoing mucilage phenomenon, this study offers significant insights into the ecological dynamics of the Sea of Marmara and highlights the need for integrative approaches in future research.

Keywords

diatom microalgae culture molecular taxonomy Sea of Marmara Aegean Sea

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Rabia Sezgin, Muharrem Balcı, Turgay Durmus, Neslihan Balkıs-Ozdelice, Mustafa Sarı

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Acta Botanica Croatica is an Open Access journal with minimal restrictions regarding content reuse. Immediately after publishing, all content becomes freely available to anyone for unlimited use and distribution, under the sole condition that the author(s) and the original source are properly attributed according to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

CC BY 4.0 represents the highest level of Open Access, which maximizes dissemination of scholarly work and protects the rights of its authors. In Acta Botanica Croatica, authors hold the copyright of their work and retain unrestricted publishing rights.

By approving final Proof the authors grant to the publisher exclusive license to publish their article in print and on-line, in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-4.0) license.

How to Cite
Sezgin, R., Balcı, M., Durmus, T., Balkıs-Ozdelice, N., & Sarı, M. (2026). Molecular and morphological characterization of diatoms related to dense mucilage formation in Turkish coastal waters. Acta Botanica Croatica, 85(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2026-007
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Accoroni, S., Giulietti, S., Romagnoli, T., Siracusa, M., Bacchiocchi, S., Totti, C., 2020: Morphological variability of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Clade I (Bacillariophyceae) in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea. Plants 9(11),1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111420
  2. Akcaalan, R., Kaleli, A., Köker, L., 2022: Distribution of marine benthic diatoms on the coasts of the Sea of Marmara and their responses to environmental variables. Journal of Marine Systems 234, 103780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2022.103780
  3. Aktan, Y., Dede, A., Ciftci, P.S., 2008: Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News 36, 1–7.
  4. Alcoverro, T., Conte, E., Mazzella, L., 2000: Production of mucilage by the Adriatic epipelic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae) under nutrient limitation. Journal of Phycology 36, 1087–1095. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99193.x
  5. Alverson, A. J., 2008: Molecular systematics and the diatom species. Protist 159, 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2008.04.001
  6. Armbrust, E. V., 2009: The life of diatoms in the world's oceans. Nature 459, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08057
  7. Armbrust, E. V., Berges, J. A., Bowler, C., Green, B. R., Martinez, D., Putnam, N. H., Zhou, S., Allen, A. E., Apt, K. E. Bechner, M., 2004: The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: ecology, evolution, and metabolism. Science 306, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101156
  8. Balkis, N., Tas, S., 2016: Phytoplankton of the Sea of Marmara: A review. In: Özsoy, E., Çağatay, N.M., Balkıs, N., Öztürk, B. (eds.), The Sea of Marmara: marine biodiversity, fisheries, conservation and governance, 326-343. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV). pp. 326–343.
  9. Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Türetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., Tüfekçi, V., 2011: Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Büyükada Island (the Marmara Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91(4), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315410000081
  10. Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., Toklu-Alicli, B., Balci, M., 2020: Phytoplankton composition related to the environmental conditions in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Erdek. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 49(9), 1545–1559.
  11. Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmuş, T., Balci, M., 2021: A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4), 414–422.
  12. Balkis, N., Atabay, H., Turetgen, I., Albayrak, S., Balkis, H., Tüfekçi, V., 2011: Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Buyukada Island (the Sea of Marmara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315410000081
  13. Bates, S. S., Hubbard, K. A., Lundholm, N., Montresor, M., Leaw, C. P., 2018: Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: new research since 2011. Harmful Algae 79, 3–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001
  14. Bates, S. S., Bird, C. J., De Freitas, A. S. W., Foxall, R., Gilgan, M., Hanic, L. A., Johnson, G. R., Mcculloch, A. W., Odense, P., Pocklington, R., Quilliam, M. A., Sim, P. G., Smith, J. C., Subba Rao, D. V., Todd, E. C., Walter, D. J. A., Wright, J. L. C., 1989: Pennate diatom Nitzschia pungens as the primary source of domoic acid, a toxin in shellfish from Eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46(7), 1203–1215. https://doi.org/10.1139/f89-156
  15. Bella, V. D., Puccinelli, C., Marcheggiani, S., Mancini, L., 2007: Benthic diatom communities and their relationship to water chemistry in wetlands of central Italy. Annales de Limnologie – International Journal of Limnology 43, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2007021
  16. Ben Ali, A., De Baere, R., Van der Auwera, G., De Wachter, R., & Van de Peer, Y. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships among algae based on complete large-subunit rRNA sequences. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 51(Pt 3), 737–749. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-3-737
  17. Berthold, D. E., Frankovich, T., Gaiser, E. E., Laughinghouse, H. D., 2020: Fistulifera alcalina sp. nov. (Naviculales, Stauroneidaceae) a new alkaliphilic diatom species from Lake Okeechobee, Florida (USA). Diatom Research 35(3), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2020.1801517
  18. Besiktepe, S., Sur, H., Özsoy, E., Latif, M., Oguz, T., Ünlüata, Ü., 1994: The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress Oceanography 34, 285–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(94)90018-3
  19. Beszteri, B., Acs, E., Makk, J., Kovács, G., Márialigeti, K., Kiss, K. T., 2001: Phylogeny of six naviculoid diatoms based on 18S rDNA sequences. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51, 1581–1586. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-4-1581
  20. Bianchi, G., 1746: Notizie sulla vasta fioritura algale del 1729. Raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filologici 34, 256–257.
  21. Borchhardt, N., Chomérat, N., Bilien, G., Zentz, F., Rhodes, L., Murray, S. A., Hoppenrath, M., 2021: Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Bindiferia gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new marine, sand-dwelling dinoflagellate genus formerly classified within Amphidinium. Phycologia 60(6), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1978040
  22. Bowers, H. A., Ryan, J. P., Hayashi, K., Woods, A. L., Marin, R., Smith, G. J., Hubbard, K. A., Doucette, G. J., Mikulski, C. M., Gellene, A. G., Zhang, Y., Kudela, R. M., Caron, D. A., Birch, J. M., Scholin, C. A., 2018: Diversity and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in Monterey Bay: Perspectives from targeted and adaptive sampling. Harmful Algae 78, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.006
  23. Bowers, H. A., Tomas, C., Tengs, T., Kempton, J. W., Lewitus, A. J., Oldach, D. W., 2006: Raphidophyceae [Chadefaud Ex Silva] systematics and rapid identification: sequence analyses and real-time PCR assays. Journal of Phycology 42, 1333–1348.
  24. Bowler, C., Allen, A. E., Badger, J. H., Grimwood, J., Jabbari, K., Kuo, A., et al., 2008: The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes. Nature 456, 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07410
  25. Chen, Y., Gao, Y., Chen, C., Li, X., Liang, J., Sun, L., Wang, Y., 2019: Interactions between the brown tide-causing microalga Aureococcus anophagefferens and the small diatom Minutocellus polymorphus under laboratory culture. Journal of Applied Phycology 31, 1793–1803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1704-y
  26. Chiovitti, A., Higgins, M. J., Harper, R. E., Wetherbee, R., Bacic, A., 2003: The complex polysaccharides of the raphid diatom Pinnularia viridis (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39, 543–554. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02162.x
  27. Cruz, B. N., Neuer, S., 2022: Particle-associated bacteria differentially influence the aggregation of the marine diatom Minutocellus polymorphus. ISME Communications 2, 73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-022-00146-z
  28. Curtis, B. A., Tanifuji, G., Burki, F., Gruber, A., Irimia, M., Maruyama, S., Arias, M. C., Ball, S. G., Gile, G. H., Hirakawa, Y., 2012: Algal genomes reveal evolutionary mosaicism and the fate of nucleomorphs. Nature 492, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11681
  29. Cupp, E. E., 1943: Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of North America. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 5, 199–207.
  30. Danovaro, R., Umani, S. F., Pusceddu, A., 2009. Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 4(9), e7006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007006.
  31. De Brouwer, J. D., Wolfstein, K., Ruddy, G. K., Jones, T. E. R., Stal, L. J., 2005: Biogenic stabilization of intertidal sediments: the importance of extracellular polymeric substances produced by benthic diatoms. Microbial Ecology 49, 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-004-0020-z
  32. De Stefano, L., Rendina, I., De Stefano, M., Bismuto, A., Maddalena, P., 2005: Marine diatoms as optical chemical sensors. Applied Physics Letters 87, 233902. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2140087.
  33. Dursun, F., Yurdun, T., Ünlü, S., 2016: The First Observation of Domoic Acid in Plankton net samples from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 96(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1704-4
  34. Ergul, H. A., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, T., Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekci, F., Canli, O., 2021: The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring 2021. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 27(2), 232–257.
  35. Falkowski, P. G., Raven, J. A., 2007: Aquatic photosynthesis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, UK.
  36. Fehling, J., Davidson, K., Bolch, C. J., Bates, S. S., 2004: Growth and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under phosphate and silicate limitation. Journal of Phycology 40, 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03213.x
  37. Gastineau, R., Hamedi, C., Baba Hamed, M. B., Abi-Ayad, S.-M. E.-A., Bąk, M., Lemieux, C., Turmel, M., Dobosz, S., Wróbel, R. J., Kierzek, A., Lange-Bertalot, H., Witkowski, A., 2021: Morphological and molecular identification reveals that waters from an isolated oasis in Tamanrasset (extreme South of Algerian Sahara) are colonized by opportunistic and pollution-tolerant diatom species. Ecological Indicators 121(6),107104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107104.
  38. Genitsaris, S., Stefanidou, N., Moustaka-Gouni, M., Sommer, U., Tsipas, G., 2020: Variability and community composition of marine unicellular eukaryote assemblages in a eutrophic mediterranean urban coastal area with marked plankton blooms and red tides. Diversity 12, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12030114
  39. Gevrey, M., Rimet, F., Park, Y. S., Giraudel, J.-L., Ector, L., Lek, S., 2004: Water quality assessment using diatom assemblages and advanced modelling techniques. Freshwater Biology 49, 208–220. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2426.2003.01174.x
  40. Giulietti, S., Romagnoli, T., Campanelli, A., Totti, C., Accoroni, S., 2021: Ecology and seasonality of Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in the northwestern Adriatic Sea over a 30-years period (1988–2020). Mediterranean Marine Science 22(3), 505–520.
  41. Gotsis-Skretas, O., 1995: Mucilage appearances in Greek waters during 1982-1994. Science of the Total Environment 165, 229–230.
  42. Guillard, R. R. L., 1975: Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In Smith, W. L., Chanley, M. H. (eds.), Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals, 26–60. Plenum Press, New York, ABD.
  43. Guiry, M. D., Guiry, G. M., 2023: AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on 16 August 2023.
  44. Hall, T. A., 1999: BioEdit: A User-Friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41, 9–98.
  45. Hargraves, P. E., Guillard, R. R. L., 1974: Structural and physiological observations on some small marine diatoms. Phycologia 13, 163–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(81)90149-0
  46. Hasle, G. R., 2002: Are most of the domoic acid-producing species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia cosmopolites? Harmful Algae 1, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00014-8
  47. Hasle, G. R., Stosch, H. A., Syvertsen, E. E., 1983: Cymatosiraceae, a new diatom family. Bacillaria 6, 9–156.
  48. Hasle, G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., 1997: Marine diatoms. In Thomas, C.R. (ed.), Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, 5–385. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
  49. Hildebrand, M., 2005: Cloning and functional characterization of ammonium transporters from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 41, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.04108.x
  50. Hildebrand, M., 2008: Diatoms, biomineralization processes, and genomics. Chemical Reviews 108, 4855–4874.
  51. Hoagland, K. D., Rosowski, J. R., Gretz, M. R., Roemer, S. C., 1993: Diatom extracellular polymeric substances: function, fine structure, chemistry, and physiology. Journal of Phycology 29, 537–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1993.00537.x
  52. Huang, C. X., Dong, H. C., Lundholm, N., Teng, S. T., Zheng, G. C., Tan, Z. J., Lim, P. T., Li, Y., 2019: Species composition and toxicity of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in Taiwan Strait, including P. chiniana sp. nov. and P. qiana sp. nov. Harmful Algae 84, 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.04.003
  53. Ianora, A., Miralto, A., Poulet, S. A., Carotenuto, Y., Buttino, I., Romano, G., Casotti, R., Pohnert, G., Wichard, T., Colucci-D'amato, L., Terrazzano, G., Smetacek, V., 2004: Aldehyde suppression of copepod recruitment in blooms of a ubiquitous planktonic diatom. Nature 429(6990), 403–407. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02526.
  54. Ishihara, S., 2009: Studies on risk assessment procedure of rice herbicides for microalgae in river ecosystem. Journal of Pesticide Science 34, 184–186.
  55. Kaczmarska, I., Lovejoy, C., Potvin, M., Macgillivary, M., 2009: Morphological and molecular characteristics of selected species of Minidiscus (Bacillariophyta, Thalassiosiraceae). European Journal of Phycology 44(4), 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260902855873
  56. Karleskint, G., Turner, R., Small, J., 2010: Introduction to Marine Biology. Cengage Learning 3: 138–149.
  57. Kaleli, A., Akçaalan, R., 2021: Checklist of marine diatoms from Turkish coastal waters with updated nomenclature. Aquatic Research 4(1), 88–115. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21008
  58. Kayadelen, Y., Balkis-Ozdelice, N., Durmus, T., 2022: Determination of seasonal changes in phytoplankton community of the coastal waters of Burgaz Island (the Sea of Marmara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 102(3-4), 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315422000406
  59. Khaw, Y. S., Khong, N. M. H., Shaharuddin, N. A., Yusoff, F. M., 2020: A simple 18S rDNA approach for the identification of cultured eukaryotic microalgae with an emphasis on primers. Journal of Microbiological Methods 172, 105890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105890
  60. Kouzuma, A., Watanabe, K., 2015: Exploring the potential of algae/bacteria interactions. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 33, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2015.02.007
  61. Krienitz, L., Bock, C., 2012: Present state of the systematics of planktonic coccoid green algae of inland waters. Hydrobiologia 698, 295–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1079-z
  62. Kützing, F. T., 1849: Species algarum. Lipsiae F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig.
  63. Lange-Bertalot, H., 1997: Frankophila, Mayamaea und Fistulifera: drei neue Gattungen der Klasse Bacillariophyceae. Archiv für Protistenkunde 148, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80037-1
  64. Lange-Bertalot, H., 2001: Navicula sensu stricto, 10 Genera separated from Navicula sensu lato, Frustulia. Diatoms of Europe 2, 1–526.
  65. Lange-Bertalot, H., Hofmann, G., Werum, M., Cantonati, M., Kelly, M.G., 2017: Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. Schmitten-Oberreifenberg: Koeltz Botanical Books.
  66. Larras, F., Keck, F., Montuelle, B., Rimet, F., Bouchez, A., 2014: Linking diatom sensitivity to herbicides to phylogeny: a step forward for biomonitoring?. Environmental science & technology 48(3), 1921–1930. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4045105
  67. Lewin, J. C., 1955, The capsule of the diatom Navicula pelliculosa. Microbiology 13, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-13-1-162
  68. Li, H., Yang, G., Sun, Y., Wu, S., Zhang, X., 2007: Cylindrotheca closterium is a species complex as was evidenced by the variations of rbcL gene and SSU rDNA. Journal of Ocean University of China 6, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-007-0167-6
  69. Lim, H. C., Leaw, C. P., Su, S. N., Teng, S. T., Usup, G., Mohammad-Noor, N., Lundholm, N., Kotaki, Y., Lim, P. T., 2012: Morphology and molecular characterization of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) from Malaysian Borneo, including the new species Pseudo-nitzschia circumpora sp. nov. Journal of phycology 48(5), 1232–1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01213.x
  70. Lopez, P. J., Desclés, J., Allen, A. E., Bowler, C., 2005: Prospects in diatom research. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 16, 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.02.002
  71. Lundholm, N., Daugbjerg, N., Moestrup, Ø., 2002: Phylogeny of the Bacillariaceae with emphasis on the genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) based on partial LSU rDNA. European Journal of Phycology 37(1), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S096702620100347X
  72. Malviya, S., Scalco, E., Audic, S., Vincent, F., Veluchamy, A., Poulain, J., Wincker, P., Iudicone, D., De Vargas, C., Bittner, L., 2016: Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the world’s ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(11), E1516–E1525. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509523113.
  73. Martin, M. J., González-Candelas, F., Sobrino, F., & Dopazo, J., 1995: A method for determining the position and size of optimal sequence regions for phylogenetic analysis. Journal of molecular evolution 41(6), 1128–1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173194
  74. Matsumoto, M., Mayama, S., Nemoto, M., Fukuda, Y., Muto, M., Yoshino, T., Tanaka, T., 2014: Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the high triglyceride-producing marine diatom, Fistulifera solaris sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae). Phycological Research 62, 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12066
  75. Medlin, L., Elwood, H. J., Stickel, S., Sogin, M. L., 1988: The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene 71, 491–499.
  76. Medlin, L., Mann, D. G., 2007: Proposal to conserve the name Cylindrotheca against Ceratoneis (Bacillariophyceae). Taxon 56, 953–955. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065879
  77. Michelutti, N., Hermanson, M. H., Smol, J. P., Dillon, P. J., Douglas, M. S. V., 2007: Delayed response of diatom assemblages to sewage inputs in an Arctic lake. Aquatic Sciences 69, 523–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-007-0928-8
  78. Mingazzini, M., Thakeb, B., 1995: Summary and conclusions of the workshop on marine mucilages in the Adriatic Sea and elsewhere. Science of The Total Environment 165, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04538-C
  79. Morales, E. A., Siver, P. A., Trainor, F. R., 2001: Identification of diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) during ecological assessments: Comparison between light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 151(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0095:IODBDE]2.0.CO;2
  80. Morel, F. M., Price, N.M., 2003: The biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in the oceans. Science 300(5621), 944–947. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083545
  81. Najdek, M., Debobbis, D., Mioković, D., Ivančić, I., 2002: Fatty acid and phytoplankton compositions of different types of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic. Journal of Plankton Research 24, 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/24.5.429
  82. Najdek, M., Blazina, M., Djakovac, T., Kraus, R., 2005: The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea: Coupling with high salinity water intrusions. Journal of Plankton Research 27, 851–862. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi057
  83. Nakamura, Y. N., Umemori, T., 1991: Encystment of the red tide flagellate Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae): cyst yield in batch cultures and cyst flux in the field. Marine Ecology Progress Series 78(3), 273–284.
  84. Nunn, G. B., Theisen, B. F., Christensen, B., Arctander, P., 1996: Simplicity-correlated size growth of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA D3 expansion segment in the crustacean order Isopoda. Journal of Molecular Evolution 42, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02198847
  85. Ozbayram, E. G., Akcaalan, R., Isinibilir, M., Albay, M., 2022: Insights into the bacterial community structure of marine mucilage by metabarcoding. Environmental Science and Pollutution Research 29, 53249–53258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19626-9
  86. Öztürk, B., Öztürk, A. A., 1996: On the biology of the Turkish Strait System. Dynamics of Mediterranean straits and channels 205–221, Monaco: CIESM Science Series.
  87. Paasche, E., 1973: Silicon and the ecology of marine plankton diatoms. II. Silicate-uptake kinetics in five diatom species. Marine Biology 19, 262–269.
  88. Pan, Y., Rao, D. V. S., Mann, K. H., Li, W. K. W., Harrison, W. G., 1996: Effects of silicate limitation on production of domoic acid, a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. II. Continuous culture studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131(1/3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps131225
  89. Parsons, T. R., Maita, Y., Lalli, C. M., 1984: A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis, 173. Pergamon Press, U.K.
  90. Peltomaa, E., Hallfors, H., Taipale, S. J., 2019: Comparison of diatoms and dinoflagellates from different habitats as source of PUFAS. Marine Drugs 17(4), 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17040233
  91. Penna, A., Casabianca, S., Perini, F., Bastianini, M., Riccardi, E., Pigozzi, S., Scardi, M., 2013: Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the northwestern Adriatic Sea: characterization of species composition by genetic and molecular quantitative analyses. Journal of Plankton Research 35, 352-366.
  92. Pniewski, F., Friedl, T., Latała, A., 2010: Identification of diatom isolates from the Gulf of Gdańsk: testing of species identifications using morphology, 18S rDNA sequencing and DNA barcodes of strains from the culture collection of Baltic Algae (CCBA). Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 39, 3–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10009-010-0031-7
  93. QGIS Development Team. 2022. QGIS Geographic Information System. QGIS Association. http://www.qgis.org
  94. Qiao, L., Chen, Y., Mi, T., Zhen, Y., Gao, Y., Yu, Z., 2017: Quantitative PCR analysis of the spatiotemporal Dynamics of Aureococcus anophagefferens and Minutocellus polymorphus and the relationship between brown tides and nutrients in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, China. Journal of Applied Phycology 29, 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0959-4
  95. Quijano-Scheggia, S. I., Olivos-Ortiz, A., Garcia-Mendoza, E., Sánchez-Bravo, Y., Sosa-Avalos, R., Salas Marias, N., Lim, H. C., 2020: Phylogenetic relationships of Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica (Bacillariophyceae) from the Mexican Pacific, and its production of domoic acid in culture. PloS One 15(4), e0231902. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231902
  96. Rial, D., Rial, P., Casal, A., Costoya, N., Costas, D., 2018: Induction of settlement, growth, and survival of juveniles of Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture 483, 16– 20.
  97. Rimet, F., Kermarrec, L., Bouchez, A., Hoffmann, L., Ector, L., Medlin, L. K., 2011: Molecular phylogeny of the family Bacillariaceae based on 18S rDNA sequences: focus on freshwater Nitzschia of the section Lanceolatae. Diatom Research 26, 273–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2011.597988
  98. Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., Mann, D. G., 1990: Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press.
  99. Rowan, R., Powers, D., 1991: Molecular genetic identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 71, 65–73.
  100. Sarno, D., Zingone, A., Saggiomo, V., Carrada, G., 1993: Phytoplankton biomass and species composition in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. Hydrobiologia 271, 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005692
  101. Schmidt, C., Morard, R., Romero, O., Kucera, M., 2018: Diverse internal symbiont community in the endosymbiotic foraminifera Pararotalia calcariformata: implications for symbiont shuffling under thermal stress. Frontiers in microbiology 9, 1–11. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02018
  102. Schiaparelli, S., Castellano, M., Povero, P., Sartoni, G., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., 2007: A benthic mucilage event in North-Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages. Marine Ecology 28, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00155.x
  103. Scholin, C. A., Herzog, M., Sogin, M. L., Anderson, D. M., 1994: Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene. Journal Phycology 30, 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00999.x
  104. Solak, C. N., Peszek, Ł., Yilmaz, E., Ergül, H. A., Kayal, M., Ekmekçi, F., Várbíró, G., Morkoyunlu Yüce, A., Canli, O., Binici, M. S., Ács, É., 2020: Use of diatoms in monitoring the Sakarya River Basin, Turkey. Water 12, 703–723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030703
  105. Staats, N., De Winder, B., Stal, L. J., Mur, L. R., 1999: Isolation and characterization of extracellular polysaccharides from the epipelic diatoms Cylindrotheca closterium and Navicula salinarum. European Journal of Phycology 34, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670269910001736212
  106. Staats, N., Stal, L. J., Mur, L. R., 2000: Exopolysaccharide production by the epipelic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium: effects of nutrient conditions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 249, 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00166-0
  107. Stancheva, R., Mancheva, A., Ivanov, P., 2007: Taxonomic composition of the epilithic diatom flora from rivers Vit and Osum, Bulgaria. Phytologia Balcanica 13, 53–64.
  108. Stock, W., Vanelslander, B., Rüdiger, F., Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W., & Karsten, U. (2019). Thermal Niche Differentiation in the Benthic Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae) Complex. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01395
  109. Streftaris, N., Zenetos, A., 2006: Alien marine species in the Mediterranean - the 100 ‘Worst Invasives’ and their impact. Mediterranean Marine Science 7, 87–118.
  110. Svetličić, V., Žutić, V., Radić, T. M., Pletikapić, G., Zimmermann, A. H., Urbani, R., 2011: Polymer networks produced by marine diatoms in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Marine Drugs 9(4), 666–679. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9040666
  111. Szabo, K., Kiss, K. T., Taba, G., Ács, É., 2005: Epiphytic diatoms of the Tisza River, Kiskore reservoir and some oxbows of the Tisza River after the cyanide and heavy metal pollution in 2000. Acta Botanica Croatica 64(1), 1–46.
  112. Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Kumar, S., 2021: MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38(7), 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120
  113. Tas, S., Hernandez-Beceril, D. U., 2017: Diversity and distribution of the planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara). Diatom Research 32(3), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2017.1360800
  114. Tas, S., Kus, D., Yilmaz, I. N., 2020: Temporal variations in phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Sea of Marmara: potentially toxic species and mucilage event. Mediterranean Marine Science 21(3), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.22562
  115. Tas, S., Dursun, F., Aksu, A., Balkis, N., 2016: Presence of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia and particulate domoic acid in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey). Diatom Research 31(4), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2016.1247020
  116. Tekdal, D., Demet, A.E., Eker-Develi, E., Yıldız, H.B., 2024; Diatoms isolated from the marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara in 2021. Journal of the Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 30(2), 71–96.
  117. Thornton, D., 2002: Diatom aggregation in the sea: mechanisms and ecological implications. European Journal of Phycology 37(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967026202003657
  118. Torrisi, M., Scuri, S., Dell’uomo, A., Cocchioni, M., 2010: Comparative monitoring by means of diatoms, macro invertebrates and chemical parameters of an Apennine watercourse of central Italy: the river Tenna. Ecological Indicators 10(4), 910–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.01.010
  119. Trainer, V. L., Bates, S. S., Lundholm, N., Thessen, A. E., Cochlan, W. P., Adams, N. G., Trick, C. G., 2012: Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health. Harmful Algae 14, 271–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.025
  120. Tringe, S. G., Hugenholtz, P., 2008: A renaissance for the pioneering 16S rRNA gene. Current Opinion in Microbiology 11, 442–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.011
  121. Tufekçi, V., Balkis, N., Polat-Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., Mantikçi, M., 2010: Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology 34(2), 199–210.
  122. Turk-Dermastia, T., Cerino, F., Stanković, D., Francé, J., Ramšak, A., Žnidarič Tušek, M., Beran, A., Natali, V., Cabrini, M., Mozetič, P., 2020: Ecological time series and integrative taxonomy unveil seasonality and diversity of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo in the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae 93, 101773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101773
  123. Underwood, G. J. C., Smith, D. J., 1998: Predicting epipelic diatom exopolymer concentrations in intertidal sediments from sediment chlorophyll a. Microbial Ecology 35, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900066
  124. Vardi, A., Bidle, K. D., Kwityn, C., Hirsh, D. J., Thompson, S. M., Callow, J. A., Falkowski, P., Bowler, C., 2008: A diatom gene regulating nitric-oxide signaling and susceptibility to diatom-derived aldehydes. Current Biology 18(12), 895–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.037
  125. Volf, G., Kompare, B., Ožanic, N., 2013: Relating nutrient ratios to mucilage events in northern Adriatic. Engineering Review 33, 193–202.
  126. Vouilloud, A. S., Sala, S. Y., Sabbatini, M. R., 2005: Diatomeas perifiticas de la Cuenca del Rio Sauce Grande (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Iheringia Serie Botanica 60, 77–89.
  127. Walsh, G. E., Mclaughlin, L. L., Yoder, M. J., Moody, P. H., Lores, E. M., Forester, J., Wessingerduvall, P. B., 1988: Minutocellus polymorphus: a new marine diatom for use in algal toxicity tests. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal 7, 925–929. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620071109.
  128. Wang, Y., Liu, S., Wang, J., Yao, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, Q., Zhao, Z., Chen, N., 2022: Diatom Biodiversity and Speciation Revealed by Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes. Frontiers in plant science 13, 749982. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.749982
  129. Witkowski, A., 1994: Recent and fossil diatom flora of the Gulf of Gdansk, Southern Baltic Sea. Origin, composition, and changes of diatom assemblages during the Holocene. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 28, 1–313.
  130. Wolfstein, K., De Brouwer, J. F. C., Stal, L. J., 2002: Biochemical partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon by benthic diatom during short-term incubations at different irradiances. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps245021.
  131. Zhang, H., Lin, S., 2005: Phylogeny of dinoflagellates based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear small subunit rDNA sequence comparisons. Journal of Phycology 41, 411–420.
  132. Zgrundo, A., Lemke, P., Pniewski, F., Cox, E. J., Latała, A., 2013: Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies on Fistulifera saprophila. Diatom Research 28, 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.833136
  133. Zingone, A., Tortora, C., D′Alelio, D., Margiotta, F., Sarno, D., 2023: Assembly rules vary seasonally in stable phytoplankton associations of the Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology 44(3), e12730. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12730

Similar Articles

<< < 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.